Different Types Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

A simple, controllable, and scalable synthetic strategy for highly uniform N-doped carbon coating on nanoparticles

The carbon coating enables nanoparticles to withstand harsh environments, but achieving uniformity and scalability for their industrial use remains a challenge. In this work, we present a simple, controllable, and scalable strategy for one-pot coating with an N-doped carbon layer on the surface of various nanoparticles, including semiconductors, oxides, transition metals, and noble metals. Uniform coverage of the N-doped carbon layer was achieved through an autogenic pressure reaction of gaseous species derived from starting precursors in a closed reactor. The thickness of the coating layer could be precisely controlled by adjusting the amount of precursor, even down to the 1 nm level, because the precursor is completely consumed in the reactor without any loss. The crystallinity of the N-doped carbon layer could be modified by altering the coating temperature. Moreover, the results demonstrate that this coating process can be applied to different types of nanoparticles. Tests confirmed that nanoparticles retain their inherent nature while exhibiting more stable and enhanced properties after the N-doped carbon coating. We believe this approach offers a straightforward synthetic route for the design and application of nanoparticle coatings.

Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Carrier-synthesis, Functionalization and Application.

In recent years, advancements in chemistry have allowed the tailoring of materials at the nanoscopic level as needed. There are mainly four main types of nanomaterials used as drug carriers:metal-based nanomaterials, organic nanomaterials, inorganic nanomaterials, and polymer nanomaterials. The nanomaterials as a drug carrier showed advantages for decreased side effects with a higher therapeutic index. The stability of the drug compounds is increased by encapsulation of the drug within the nano-drug carriers, leading to decreased systemic toxicity. Nano-drug carriers are also used for controlled drug release by tailoring system-made solubility characteristics of nanoparticles by surface coating with surfactants. The review focuses on the different types of nanoparticles used as drug carriers, the nanoparticle synthesis process, techniques of nanoparticle surface coating for drug carrier purposes, applications of nano-drug carriers, and prospects of nanomaterials as drug carriers for biomedical applications.

Unsteady magnetohydrodynamic free convection and heat transfer flow of Al2O3‒Cu/water nanofluid over a non-linear stretching sheet in a porous medium

This article investigates the impact of time-dependent magnetohydrodynamics free convection flow of a nanofluid over a non-linear stretching sheet immersed in a porous medium. The combination of water as a base fluid and two different types of nanoparticles, namely aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and copper (Cu) is taken into account. The impacts of thermal radiation, viscous dissipation and heat source/sink are examined. The governing coupled non-linear partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. The solutions of the prin-cipal equations are computed in closed form by applying the MATLAB bvp4c method. The velocity and temperature pro-files, as well as the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number, are discussed through graphs and tables for various flow parameters. The current simulations are suitable for the thermal flow processing of magnetic nanomaterials in the chemical engineering and metallurgy industries. From the results, it is noticed that the results of copper nanofluid have a better impact than those of aluminium nanofluid.

Light-triggered reactions in a new “light” of nanoparticles engineering

This study presents an innovative light-triggered synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) utilizing UV radiation (λ = 254 nm), thiols (non-toxic mercaptosuccinic acid, MSA), and metal ions (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Se4+). Efficient formation of various nanoparticles is achieved by exposing a precursor blend of metal ions and thiols (MSA) to ultraviolet light in compact volumes, like UV-transparent 96-well plates (50 – 300 μL per well) or plastic tubes (1.5 – 50 mL). This process effectively produces different types of nanoparticles, including fluorescent zinc-cadmium quantum dots (ZnCd QDs), non-fluorescent copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The scalability of the method allows for easy upscaling using larger test tubes or downsizing by depositing precursors (10 – 100 μL) on a paper matrix, where UV treatment not only induces NP formation in solution but also facilitates their anchoring to the paper surface. The developed one-pot in situ approach offers a cost-effective, user-friendly, and energy-efficient method for NP production and chemical engineering on paper surfaces. The technique is promising for a wide range of applications, such as interferometric measurement using ZnCd QDs, bactericidal effects of CuNPs against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC100 = 0.14 mg/mL), and visible light switchable (ON/OFF) nanozymatic reactors employing SeNPs. We suggest light-triggered chemistry based on thiols and metal ions for effective “soft” synthesis of various nanoparticles and NPs-based devices.

Comparative study of Hiemenz flow in hybrid Carreau nanofluid (Fe3O4-Cu/kerosene-engine oil): nonlinear effects, Newtonian heating and viscous dissipation

ABSTRACT This study is important because it helps us understand how different factors affect the flow of a special liquid with nanoparticles, giving us useful insights for real-world applications in engineering and technology. This research endeavours to explore and contrast the distinctive characteristics of steady, 2-D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and stagnation point (Hiemenz) flow in Carreau hybrid nanofluid {Fe3O4-Cu/kerosene-engine Oil} over a nonlinear stretching-shrinking surface with its counterpart, Carreau nanofluid. Employing the laws of conservation encompassing mass, momentum, energy, and concentration, our methodology probes into the multifaceted effects induced by factors like the suction-injection, viscous dissipation, Newtonian heating, Hiemenz flow, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion. This exploration involves the transformation of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through similarity transformations. Subsequently, the intricate non-linear ODEs are meticulously solved using the bvp4c technique, an adept MATLAB built-in function, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics within the system. In addition, the study considers the Newtonian heating effect and a numerical comparison is performed to verify the results. Using two different types of nanoparticles dispersed in kerosene-engine oil, it was demonstrated that increasing Weissenberg parameter values resulted in significant improvements in thermal conductivity and thermal velocity. A comparison of Carreau nanofluid thermal and concentration velocities with Carreau hybrid nanofluid showed that Carreau nanofluid values are lower (Weissenberg parameter). Higher Biot numbers are associated with reduced temperature velocity and elevated concentration velocity.

Nanocomposite Methacrylated Silk Fibroin-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

The treatment of bone defects is a clinical challenge. Bone tissue engineering is gaining interest as an alternative to current treatments, with the development of 3D porous structures (scaffolds) helpful in promoting bone regeneration by ensuring temporary functional support. In this work, methacrylated silk fibroin (SilMA) sponges were investigated as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by exploiting the combination of physical (induced by NaCl salt during particulate leaching) and chemical crosslinking (induced by UV-light exposure) techniques. A biomimetic approach was adopted to better simulate the extracellular matrix of the bone by introducing either natural (mussel shell-derived) or synthetic-origin hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into the SilMA sponges. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of pore size, water absorption capability and mechanical properties to understand both the effect of the inclusion of the two different types of nanoparticles and the effect of the photocrosslinking. Moreover, the SilMA sponges were tested for their bioactivity and suitability for bone tissue engineering purposes by using osteosarcoma cells, studying their metabolism by an AlamarBlue assay and their morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that photocrosslinking helps in obtaining more regular structures with bimodal pore size distributions and in enhancing the stability of the constructs in water. Moreover, the addition of naturally derived hydroxyapatite was observed to be more effective at activating osteosarcoma cell metabolism than synthetic hydroxyapatite, showing a statistically significant difference in the AlamarBlue measurement on day 7 after seeding. The methacrylated silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite sponges developed in this work were found to be promising tools for targeting bone regeneration with a sustainable approach.

One-step fabrication of platelet-shaped Janus supraparticles via spray-drying

Supraparticles, i.e. assemblies of nanoparticles, can be classified as Janus supraparticles if they comprise two different types of nanoparticles that are asymmetrically distributed within the supraparticles. Due to their anisotropic character, they exhibit a high potential for various applications. However, the development of a scalable and material-wise flexible method to fabricate Janus supraparticles is still a challenge. In this work, a one-step synthesis of Janus supraparticles via spray-drying is reported. The segregation of binary particle dispersions during droplet evaporation, the tunable hollowness of supraparticles, and their fragmentation due to mechanical forces in the cyclone are exploited to fabricate platelet-shaped Janus supraparticles. By varying cyclone types, weight and diameter ratio between large and small nanoparticles of binary dispersions, their solid content and ionic strength, an optimized parameter setting is achieved. The obtained understanding of how to fabricate Janus supraparticles from binary silica model dispersions is transferred to mixed silica, iron oxide, titania and alumina supraparticles. This work opens a door for fabricating platelet-shaped Janus supraparticles in a fast and scalable manner.

The Application of Nanoparticles Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), especially in solid tumors. It has been confirmed that it can not only interact with tumor cells to promote cancer progression and metastasis, but also affect the infiltration and function of immune cells to induce chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance. So, targeting CAF has been considered an important method in cancer treatment. The rapid development of nanotechnology provides a good perspective to improve the efficiency of targeting CAF. At present, more and more researches have focused on the application of nanoparticles (NPs) in targeting CAF. These studies explored the effects of different types of NPs on CAF and the multifunctional nanomedicines that can eliminate CAF are able to enhance the EPR effect which facilitate the anti-tumor effect of themselves. There also exist amounts of studies focusing on using NPs to inhibit the activation and function of CAF to improve the therapeutic efficacy. The application of NPs targeting CAF needs to be based on an understanding of CAF biology. Therefore, in this review, we first summarized the latest progress of CAF biology, then discussed the types of CAF-targeting NPs and the main strategies in the current. The aim is to elucidate the application of NPs in targeting CAF and provide new insights for engineering nanomedicine to enhance immune response in cancer treatment.

Design and Optimization of Plasmonic Nanoparticles-Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells Using the FDTD Method.

This study explores how plasmonic nanoparticles affect absorption, transmission, and reflection—three important performance metrics in organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Through an investigation of different types of nanoparticles and their concentration in the composite layer, the study provides important information for improving PSC design in order to increase overall efficiency. The results highlight the importance of the type and volume fraction of nanoparticles in the composite layer, which influence the spectral characteristics of the solar cell, such as absorption, reflection, and transmission. These findings could encourage PSCs to be widely used as a practical and affordable renewable energy source, which would advance the development of affordable and efficient solar energy technologies.

Unraveling the role of nanoparticles in improving plant resilience under environmental stress condition

Abstract Background As the world grapples with increasing agricultural demands and unpredictable environmental stressors, there is a pressing need to improve plant resilience. Therefore, understanding the pioneering role of nanoparticles in alleviating plant stress is crucial for developing stress-resilient varieties to enhance food secure world. Nanoparticles have unique physical and chemical properties, and demonstrate their potential to enhance plant growth, nutrient utilization, and stress tolerance. This review delves into the mechanistic insights of nanoparticle-plant interactions, highlighting how these tiny particles can mitigate diverse stressors such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. The action of different types of nanoparticles, including metal, carbon-based, and biogenic nanoparticles, are discussed in the context of their interaction with plant physiology and stress responses. Aims This article also explores the potential drawbacks and environmental implications of nanoparticle use, emphasizing the need for responsible and sustainable applications. Therefore, this study aimed to offer exciting possibilities for managing both biotic and abiotic stress in plant species, from improving water-use efficiency and stress resilience via nanotechnology. Conclusions Future research directions are suggested, focusing on nano-bioengineering and precision agriculture to create stress-resilient crops and enhance food security. Through the lens of interdisciplinary research, this paper underscores the significance of nanoparticles as innovative tools in the realm of agriculture, catalyzing a paradigm shift towards sustainable and stress-resilient farming systems.

Role of Silver Nanoparticles for the Control of Anthelmintic Resistance in Small and Large Ruminants.

Helminths are considered a significant threat to the livestock industry, as they cause substantial economic losses in small and large ruminant farming. Their morbidity and mortality rates are also increasing day by day as they have zoonotic importance. Anthelmintic drugs have been used for controlling these parasites; unfortunately, due to the development of resistance of these drugs in helminths (parasites), especially in three major classes like benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonists, and macrocyclic lactones, their use is becoming very low. Although new anthelmintics are being developed, the process is time-consuming and costly. As a result, nanoparticles are being explored as an alternative to anthelmintics. Nanoparticles enhance drug effectiveness, drug delivery, and target specificity and have no resistance against parasites. Different types of nanoparticles are used, such as organic (chitosan) and inorganic (gold, silver, zinc oxide, iron oxide, and nickel oxide). One of them, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), has unique properties in various fields, especially parasitology. AgNPs are synthesized from three primary methods: physical, chemical, and biological. Their primary mechanism of action is causing stress through the production of ROS that destroys cells, organs, proteins, and DNA parasites. The present review is about AgNPs, their mode of action, and their role in controlling anthelmintic resistance against small and large ruminants.

Numerical investigation of carbon dioxide capture using nanofluids via machine learning

Using nanofluids to capture CO2 is a promising method of reducing emissions. The goal of this study was to develop models that could forecast how well water-based nanofluids would absorb CO2. Several machine learning models, such as Decision Tree, Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, and K-Nearest Neighbors, underwent training using a total of 1306 experimental datasets. These datasets contained information on the CO2 solubility in aqueous solutions for different types of nanoparticles. In terms of Average Absolute Relative Deviation (AARD%), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Relative Absolute Error, Mean Squared Error, and Correlation Coefficient, the predictive performance on separate test data was assessed. The XGBoost model demonstrates a higher degree of accuracy in simulating the absorption capacity of aqueous nanofluid compared to other models. This is evident through the AARD value of 2.8%, MSE of 0.00084, MAE of 0.012 and an R value of 0.992. The research provides insight into the utilization of different machine learning algorithms for simulating the absorption of CO2 by nanofluids. By employing accurate data-driven models, the efficiency of nanofluid-based CO2 capture processes can be enhanced through improvements in their design and operating conditions.

Quasi‐static and high‐rate in‐plane shear tests on aramid and carbon fiber woven composites featuring a nanoparticle‐enriched high‐density polyethylene matrix

AbstractNanoparticles are known to enable the modification of the properties of the material they are integrated into. In the context of ballistic protection, previous works have demonstrated that graphene and Montmorillonite (MMT) particles included in high‐density polyethylene (HD‐PE) and used as a matrix enable an increase in the ballistic performance, of consolidated woven aramid fabrics. Furthermore, the ballistic performance has been reported to be influenced by the in‐plane shear properties of the impacted materials. In this context, quasi‐static and high‐rate in‐plane shear tests have been conducted on two types of reinforcements, aramid, and carbon woven fabrics, consolidated by a high‐density polyethylene matrix enriched by graphene, MMT and a mix of graphene and MMT nanoparticles. The conducted investigations provide for the first time in the literature the results of high‐rate in‐plane shear tests on aramid woven reinforcement consolidated with nanoparticle‐enriched and not enriched high‐density polyethylene composites. Despite the use of the same reinforcement and enriched matrix material as in previous works of literature, no significant differences in terms of in‐plane shear behavior have been observed for any of the different types of nanoparticles integrated into the matrix. Nevertheless, the obtained results demonstrate a clear strain rate sensitivity of the tested materials.Highlights Aramid and carbon fabrics were consolidated with nanoparticle‐enriched HD‐PE Quasi‐static and high‐rate in‐plane shear tests were conducted No influence of the nanoparticles could be identified A clear strain‐rate sensitivity could be identified for both composites

On chip all-optical distinguishing of independently placed distinct types of single Rayleigh particle

In order to determine whether a particle is plasmonic, dielectric, or chiral, different complex processes and chemicals are applied in lab setups and pharmaceutical industries. Sorting or categorizing a particle based on distinct optical forces can be a novel technique. When a beam of light interacts with a particle, it usually pushes the particle in the direction of the light's propagation. Counterintuitively, it can also pull the particle toward the light beam or move it toward a lateral direction. As far as we know, to date, no comprehensive report exists regarding a single optical arrangement capable of inducing entirely distinct behaviors of force for three disparate types of independently placed single Rayleigh particle. This study introduces an all-optical technique aimed at effectively sorting nanoscale Rayleigh-sized objects employing a plasmonic substrate, when each distinct type of single particle is placed over the substrate independently. Unfortunately, this proposed technique does not work for the cluster or mixture of distinct particles. In our proposed configuration, a simple linearly polarized plane wave is incident onto the plasmonic substrate, thereby engendering completely different responses from three different types of nanoparticles: Gold (plasmonic), SiO2 (dielectric), and Chiral particles. We conducted individual tests for our setup using linearly polarized plane waves at angles of 30-degree, 45-degree, and 60-degree individually. Consistent results were obtained across all angles. In each of the three distinct setups involving the aforementioned particle, a dielectric Rayleigh particle experiences an optical pulling force, a plasmonic Rayleigh particle experiences an optical pushing force, and a chiral Rayleigh particle encounters an optical lateral force. These distinctive force behaviors manifest as a result of the intricate interplay between the material properties of the nanoparticles and the characteristics of the plane-polarized beam, encompassing aspects such as plasmonic response, chirality, and refractive index. Moreover, this technique presents an environmentally sustainable and economically viable alternative to the utilization of expensive and potentially hazardous chemicals in nanoparticle sorting processes within industrial domains.

The Modification of Thermal Conductivity of Phase Change Material Using Nano Metal-Oxide Particles

The phase change materials (PCM) based cooling system have gained recent popularity with PV module temperature (TPV) reduction. PCM is an effective thermal energy storage material with the activation of latent heat capacity. Its low heat conductivity has been discovered in several studies. In this study, PCM is chosen to mix with nanoparticles to enhance its thermal conductivity and performance. For an ambient temperature of 38, it is suggested that the melting temperature (Tmelt) of PCM should be between 41 and 44 °C. Nanoparticle composited PCM (nc-PCM) are generated by mixing lauric acid (LA) with three different types of nanoparticles, including aluminum oxide (Al2O3), copper oxide (CuO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) in the following proportions: 100:0, 99:1, 98:2, 94:6, 92:8 and 90:10. It has been shown that the melting points (Tmelt) of the studied nc-PCMs are between 41.18 and 42.47 °C and thermal conductivity increases. According to the findings, the best balance between latent heat of fusion and thermal conductivity should be at 6% nanoparticle. Finally, it is expected that employing these three nc-PCM to reduce the PV module's temperature will enhance PV efficiency.

Cu-Graphene water-based hybrid nanofluids: synthesis, stability, thermophysical characterization, and figure of merit analysis

Hybrid nanofluids are emerging as an alternative to conventional heat transfer fluids and nanofluids for improving the thermal efficiency of heat exchanging devices synergistically due to their outstanding thermophysical properties associated because of the dispersion of different types of nanoparticles as compared to mono nanofluids. This will help in optimizing fluid characteristics in different flow regimes for several applications. However, enhancing the thermal energy efficiency of heat exchangers is challenging owing to the deprived stability of hybrid nanofluids at greater volume concentrations. This work concentrated on the synthesizing, thermophysical depiction, and thermal performance estimation of stable water-based Cu-graphene hybrid nanofluids using very low volume concentrations of Cu and graphene hybrid nanostructures. Cu-graphene hybrid nanofluid was successfully synthesized by dispersing the synthesized Cu and graphene nanostructures (keeping the Cu concentration constant at 0.04 vol % and varying the graphene concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 vol %) in water. Hybrid nanofluids display excellent stability against aggregation for up to 7 weeks, as proven by higher zeta potential values. Thermophysical characteristics of the prepared hybrid nanofluids were effectively measured. The thermal conductivity of Cu-graphene hybrid nanofluids shows exceptional enrichment (~ 35%) at minimal concentrations of hybrid nanostructures. Viscosity of the water-based hybrid nanofluids shows remarkable enhancement as compared to water and represents the increasing trend in viscosity of the base fluid with respect to the increase in concentration of hybrid nanostructures. The thermal and rheological properties of hybrid nanofluids are effectively validated with existing theoretical models. In addition, the specific heat and pumping power of Cu-graphene hybrid nanofluids with respect to the volume concentration of hybrid nanostructures are calculated using the existing theoretical equations. A figure of merit (FOM) analysis was conducted for the synthesized hybrid nanofluids to gauge thermal efficiency and evaluate the applicability of these hybrid nanofluids under laminar and turbulent flow conditions.

Application of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Extracts for the Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Biomedical Potential

Nanotechnology can offer a series of new “green” and eco-friendly methods for developing different types of nanoparticles, among which the development of nanomaterials using plant extracts (phytosynthesis) represents one of the most promising areas of research. This present study details the use of lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia Mill., well-known for their use in homeopathic applications) for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Several qualitative and quantitative assays were carried out in order to offer an image of the extracts’ composition (the recorded total phenolics content varied between 21.0 to 40.9 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g dry weight (d.w.), while the total flavonoids content ranged between 3.57 and 16.8 mg CE (catechin equivalents)/g d.w.), alongside modern analytical methods (such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry—GC-MS, quantifying 12 phytoconstituents present in the extracts). The formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using lavender extract was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS)/zeta potential, with the selected nanoparticles having crystallite sizes of approx. 14.55 nm (AgNP-L2) and 4.61 nm, respectively (for AgNP-L4), and hydrodynamic diameters of 392.4 nm (for AgNP-L2) and 391.6 nm (for AgNP-L4), determined by DLS. A zeta potential of around −6.4 mV was displayed for both samples while presenting as large aggregates, in which nanoparticle clusters with dimensions of around 130–200 nm can be observed. The biomedical applications of the extracts and the corresponding phytosynthesized nanoparticles were evaluated using antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. The obtained results confirmed the phytosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles using Lavandula angustifolia Mill. extracts, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

Curcumin for Treating Breast Cancer: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Combinations with Anticancer Drugs, and Nanosystems.

Breast cancer (BC) has become the fifth most prevalent cause of cancer-related morbidity, attracting significant attention from researchers due to its heightened malignancy and drug resistance. Conventional chemotherapy approaches have proven inadequate in addressing all BC subtypes, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches or drugs. Curcumin (CUR), a phytochemical derived from Curcuma longa (turmeric), has shown substantial potential in inhibiting BC cell migration, metastasis, and proliferation. However, the use of CUR in this context comes with challenges due to its dynamic and easily degradable nature, poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and swift systemic elimination, collectively limiting its clinical applications. As such, we provide an overview of the properties, synthesis, and characterization of the hybridization of CUR and its analogue with chemo-drug building blocks. We reviewed research from the last five years on CUR's biogenesis with respect to the regulation of BC, revealing that CUR participates in arresting BC cells in the cell cycle and significantly induces apoptosis in BC cells. Information on the chemotherapeutic and antitumor mechanisms of CUR in BC, including regulation of the cell cycle, increased cell apoptosis, and inhibition of multidrug resistance (MDR), was compiled. Additionally, we provide an overview of CUR loaded into nanomaterials that are cotreated with other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as paclitaxel, thymoquinone, and tamoxifen. In this review, we discuss different types of nanoparticles that can be used for CUR delivery, such as polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and liposomes. By comparing the size, entrapment efficiency, drug-loading capacity, release time, biocompatibility, pharmaceutical scale, and reproducibility of various nanomaterials, we aimed to determine which formulations are better suited for loading CUR or its analogue. Ultimately, this review is expected to offer inspiring ideas, promising strategies, and potential pathways for developing advanced anti-BC strategy nanosystems in clinical practice.

Transport of Nanoparticles into Plants and Their Detection Methods.

Nanoparticle transport into plants is an evolving field of research with diverse applications in agriculture and biotechnology. This article provides an overview of the challenges and prospects associated with the transport of nanoparticles in plants, focusing on delivery methods and the detection of nanoparticles within plant tissues. Passive and assisted delivery methods, including the use of roots and leaves as introduction sites, are discussed, along with their respective advantages and limitations. The barriers encountered in nanoparticle delivery to plants are highlighted, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches (e.g., the stem as a new recognition site) to optimize transport efficiency. In recent years, research efforts have intensified, leading to an evendeeper understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing the interaction of nanomaterials with plant tissues and cells. Investigations into the uptake pathways and translocation mechanisms within plants have revealed nuanced responses to different types of nanoparticles. Additionally, this article delves into the importance of detection methods for studying nanoparticle localization and quantification within plant tissues. Various techniques are presented as valuable tools for comprehensively understanding nanoparticle-plant interactions. The reliance on multiple detection methods for data validation is emphasized to enhance the reliability of the research findings. The future outlooks of this field are explored, including the potential use of alternative introduction sites, such as stems, and the continued development of nanoparticle formulations that improve adhesion and penetration. By addressing these challenges and fostering multidisciplinary research, the field of nanoparticle transport in plants is poised to make significant contributions to sustainable agriculture and environmental management.

Electro osmotically interactive biological study of thermally stratified micropolar nanofluid flow for Copper and Silver nanoparticles in a microchannel

A novel mathematical analysis is established that summits the key features of peristaltic propulsion for a non-Newtonian micropolar fluid with the electroosmosis and heat transfer enhancement using nanoparticles. In such physiological models, the channel have a symmetric configuration in accordance with the biological problem. Being mindful of this fact, we have disclosed an integrated analysis on symmetric channel that incorporates major physiological applications. The creeping flow inference is reviewed to model this realistic problem. Flow equations are model using cartesian coordinates and simplified using long wave length and low Reynolds number approximation. Nonlinear linear couple equations are solving numerically. We have studied the variation in the properties of nanofluid developed by two different types of nanoparticles (i.e. Cu and Ag nanoparticles). Graphical illustrations are unveiled to highlight the physical aspects of nanoparticles and flow parameters. The exploration demonstrates that the micro-rotation of the nano-liquid elements enhances the thermal conductivity of the fluid movement. The effect of micropolar fluid parameters on mean flow and pressure variables is also presented.